Additionally, six genes in the AD-UP signature (e.g., Cd14, Gfap, Aspg, S1pr3, Ggta1, and Serpina3n) were also found to be involved in astrocyte activation [70], and we found others (e.g., Vim) significantly upregulated in both AppNL-G-F and 3xTg-AD mice (Additional File 1: Fig. S6b). Here, GGTA1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.