Further, to investigate OSM-related proneural-mesenchymal transition in glioblastoma cells, we observed the changes of proneuronal signature genes and mesenchymal signature genes after OSM treatment, and found that the increase of three mesenchymal signature genes, CD44, FN1, and CHI3L1, were statistically significant, while three proneuronal signature genes, CD24, DLL3, and OLIG2, experienced obvious declines (Fig. 7e, f). This evidence concerns the gene CHI3L1 and glioblastoma.