It is well established that metabolic stresses, including obesity, type 2 diabetes [36], smoking [37], heart failure [38], hypertension [39], nerve damage [40], and brain injury [41], deplete intracellular ATP and NAD+ in affected tissues with a dramatic induction of ROS and PARP-1 expression. This evidence concerns the gene PARP1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.