IFNG and spontaneous abortion: In contrast, pregnancy complications such as recurrent spontaneous miscarriage and preeclampsia (PE) are associated with a milieu of increased Th1 cytokines, including Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ) and Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α)15–18, which may act as markers of pregnancy pathology19.