It has been shown that Th17.1 cells produce cytokines, including IL-17A, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, which are associated with inflammatory conditions [59,60] and influence different cell types at the site of infection, including tissue macrophages, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells by inducing pro-inflammatory mediator expression and promoting neutrophil recruitment [61]. Here, TNF is linked to infection.