LAPTM5 and cardiovascular disorder: In addition, recent studies have found that LAPTM5 is involved in the regulation of several signaling pathways, including nuclear factors-κB (NF-κB), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-Smads, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT, and MAPKs, which are associated with cardiovascular diseases (11–13).