CD38 and neoplasm: Strategies targeting the TME were used to overcome the tumor resistance to immunotherapy, for example, through CD40-mediated immune cell activation (Diggs et al., 2020), tumor-penetrating peptide iRGD-mediated tumor-specific lymphocyte infiltration (Ding et al., 2019), combined inhibition of CD38 and PD-L1 (Chen L. et al., 2018) or radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy (Yu et al., 2021).