Melatonin also demonstrates its antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in the breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-361) by simultaneous modulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), p300/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-KB), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, and activation of the apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf-1)/caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway at pharmacological concentrations of 10−3 m [49]. The gene discussed is PTGS2; the disease is breast carcinoma.