TNF and neoplasm: TNF-α is a classical pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by a broad variety of cell types, including, but not limited to, macrophages, monocytes, T cells, B cells, NK cells, mast cells, keratinocytes, astrocytes, microglial cells, muscle cells, intestinal paneth cells, tumor cells, synoviocytes and articular chondrocytes (46–48).