VCAM1 and brain edema: IFN-γ in the CNS facilitates helper T cell infiltration and neuroinflammation by inducing expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), the chemokines CCL2 (recruits monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells to the infarct area), CXCL9 (chemokine ligand 9 belonging to CXC chemokine family and induces chemotaxis, promotes differentiation and proliferation of leukocytes, and causes brain edema), and CXCL10 (secreted by infiltrating monocytes and endothelial cells in response to IFN-γ) (74–79).