CXCL1 and influenza: Consistent with protein data, we noted overexpression of various pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in lung tissue from influenza-infected Tpl2-/- mice at 7 dpi, including IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-6 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, as well as overexpression of chemokines CCL2, CXCL1, CCL5 and CXCL10 which are collectively involved in recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils (Figures 4A–L).