Interestingly, recent preclinical studies from our group and others identified estrogenic compounds as potential suppressors of ASD gene-associated cellular or behavioral phenotypes in unbiased in vivo pharmacological screens in zebrafish and Xenopus (8, 9), and found that estrogens rescue seizures in a genetic mouse model of epilepsy (48) and cellular phenotypes associated with in vitro dysregulation of DISC1 (72). This evidence concerns the gene DISC1 and epilepsy.