TGFB1 and cancer: TGF-β has been reported to up-regulate MMPs and down-regulate TIMPs in cancer cells, human fibroblasts, and endothelial cells (Uría et al., 1998; Padua and Massagué, 2009; Hsieh et al., 2010; Moore-Smith et al., 2017); conversely, it has also been implicated in downregulation of MMPs and the upregulation of TIMPs (Leivonen et al., 2013), suggesting a tissue and context-dependent role in matrix remodeling (Padua and Massagué, 2009; Krstic and Santibanez, 2014).