While several factors such as microenvironmental stiffness, reactive oxygen species, growth factors, and cytokines, have been implicated in both cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been identified as a central actor (Wynn and Ramalingam, 2012; Koliaraki et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020, 2021). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is pulmonary fibrosis.