Furthermore, Lantero et al. demonstrated that pre- and post-synaptic modulation of the endogenous opioid system by TGF-β1 signalling can prevent the development of allodynia and improve the analgesic efficacy of both endogenous and exogenous opioid agonists both in inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions (Lantero et al., 2014). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neuropathic pain.