CCL2 and diabetes mellitus: Indeed, recent studies have emphasized and found substantial evidence that many inflammatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) (Herder et al., 1984-2002; Olivieri et al., 2010; Shi et al., 2018), monocyte chemotactic peptide 1 (MCP-1) (Reddy et al., 2017), and macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) (Sánchez-Zamora and Rodriguez-Sosa, 2014; Abu El-Asrar et al., 2019) are reported to be responsible for the pathogenesis of the development of diabetes or diabetes complications.