Furthermore, conversion of the T2D biomarker 1-deoxysphinganine to its ceramide metabolite 1-deoxy-dihydroceramide, decreases insulin secretion in Ins-1 β cells and primary islets and triggers p21-dependent cellular senescence in Ins-1 cells (Zuellig et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.