CARS2 and Alpers syndrome: In recent years, an increasing number of genes have been related to Alpers’ syndrome, many pathogenic mutations in the mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (mt-aaRSs), such as FARS2, CARS2, NARS2, and PARS2, etc, are a novel cause of mitochondrial translation disorder, leading to Alpers’ syndrome (Elo et al., 2012; Sofou et al., 2015; Walker et al., 2016; Samanta et al., 2018; Sofou et al., 2021).