PTEN and thyroid gland carcinoma: At present, the cancer-related signaling pathways that are widely involved in thyroid cancer research mainly include RET/PTC-RAS-RAF-MEK/ERK-MAPK, P53-PTEN, RET-β-cateinin, and NF-κB pathways, etc., through which affect the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis of tumors [32].