ACTA1 and Menkes disease: In addition, γ-H2AX (a DNA damage marker), the cleavage form of caspase-3 (an apoptosis maker), and α-SMA (a fibrosis marker) were significantly increased in the MD tissue (Fig. 2b), implying that an increase in YAP1 may be related to DNA damage, apoptosis, and fibrosis in vivo.