A recent study conducted using a mouse model demonstrated that Plasmodium and Leishmania co-infection could reduce the severity of leishmaniasis via decreased levels of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10; together, the decreased levels of these factors results in a delayed development of leishmanial lesions [35]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and coinfection.