Immunostaining and CyTOF results indicated that the cells in ARPKD organoids had a marked increase in PDGFRB, SMA, PDGFRA, and VIM protein expression, and PDGFRB+ cells in ARPKD organoids were 4.5-fold increased versus control organoids (Fig. 5c–f, Supplementary Fig. 5c). This evidence concerns the gene VIM and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.