Although there may be some statistical bias introduced by the techniques used, studies using multivariate statistical modeling have identified several risk factors, including age, medication (cardiovascular medication especially beta-blockers and the use of opioids), comorbid health conditions, raised body mass index (BMI), smoking, low serum albumin, neurofilament light chains in plasma or serum samples, decreased creatinine clearance, and baseline neuropathy [2, 36, 37] (Table 4, Fig. 2). Here, NEFL is linked to neuropathy.