AIF1 and neuropathy: During neuropathy, the numbers of ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) (microglia) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (astrocyte) immune-positive cells showed an increase in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, concomitantly with a decrease of pain threshold and a glia density increase in various supraspinal sites [88].