GCG and Insulin resistance: Furthermore, SCFAs could activate adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion to decrease inflammation and promote insulin resistance [47].Moreover, SCFAs via the gut-brain neural circuit suppressed the activity of orexigenic neurons that expressed neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus to reduce appetite [48].