IL-1β and IFN-γ (which are known to be expressed in AD pathogenesis) exposure to primary rat β-islet cells hindered autophagy resulting in cell apoptosis [64] and additionally, IL-1β was reported to modulate microglia autophagy in LPS cultures in the presence and absence of Aβ42 [67,86]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and Alzheimer disease.