In agreement with this, in a cohort study, Taipa and colleagues reported elevated levels of eotaxin, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-4, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-15, TNF-α, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), MCP1, and platelet-derived growth factor in CSF of AD patients in comparison with non-demented controls [40]. Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.