Data discussed in this review indicate the potential involvement of sirtuins in cellular signaling pathways shared with some viral proteins, leading to osteoporosis (SIRT1, SIRT6), T2DM and insulin resistance (SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT6), liver diseases and lipid metabolism disorders (SIRT1, SIRT3, SIRT6), cardiovascular diseases (SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT4, SIRT5, SIRT6), kidney diseases (SIRT1, SIRT3), neurocognitive disorders (SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3) and oral diseases (SIRT1, SIRT4). The gene discussed is SIRT4; the disease is Insulin resistance.