CSF2 and neoplasm: Among these factors, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) play an essential role in controlling proliferation, maturation, and survival of myeloid cells [47,68], while pro-inflammatory cytokines and tumour-derived vesicles globally affect the normal route of haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and myeloid precursor differentiation [31,69].