IKBKB and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Consistent with our former characterization of gliosis in the spinal cord of ALS mice [25], we identified prominent astrogliosis and microglia expansion in the cerebral cortex of GFAP/IKK2-CA mice (Figure 2A–D) initiated by the activation of IKK2/NF-κB signaling in astrocytes.