Elevated intracellular calcium levels, AngII and ROS, PDGF, CTGF and TGF-β1, all associated with AF-dependent structural remodeling, are major activators of the immediate early response transcription factor NF-κB [7,17,24,91,92,93,94,95,96]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and atrial fibrillation.