EDN1 and atrial fibrillation: Although non-phagocyte NADPH oxidases show some constitutive activity, their activity can be further up-regulated in response to a broad variety of stimuli that are common to major risk factors of AF such as hypertension and diabetes and include angiotensin II (AngII), endothelin-1 (ET-1), growth factors, cytokines, and mechanical stress [57,58,59,60].