GMPS and lung carcinoma: Similarly, the activity of the de novo purine biosynthetic enzymes are typically dysregulated in cancers, including PPAT in lung cancer; GART, ATIC, and GMP synthase (GMPS) in liver cancer; PAICS in bladder, prostate, colon, lung cancer, and neuroblastoma; ADSL in endometrial cancer and in triple-negative breast cancer; and inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) in glioblastoma and liver and lung cancer [33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43].