OSA, the most common form of Sleep Disordered Breathing, is on the increase, affecting 3 to 17% of the general population depending on gender, age and body mass index [95], and substantially increases the risk of developing postoperative delirium [96], although observational studies have not detected a decline in cognitive performance [97] OSA patients have higher plasma HMGB1 levels compared to healthy controls; interestingly, HMGB1 normalized after CPAP treatment [98], an intervention that also decreases the risk of neurocognitive dysfunction [99]. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.