CD4 and dyspepsia: A clinical evaluation of gastric inflammatory biomarkers was conducted in subjects with functional dyspepsia treated with astaxanthin and revealed a significant increase in CD4+ cells and a decrease in CD8+T cells in 21 patients with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) treated with 40 mg of astaxanthin daily and 23 patients were administered a placebo, so the authors suggested that these differences indicated a greater change to a humoral immune response instead of a cytotoxic response [67].