CCL5 and infection: With RANTES, CXCL10, and CXCL11, most of these targets have also been upregulated in apical secretions of primary human Fallopian epithelial cells 48 h post Ct infection [15]; and CXCL10 and CXCL11 have also been associated with the increased risk of Ct reinfection in women [66].