For example, in ongoing clinical trials targeting CSF-1, anti-CSF-1R monoclonal antibodies (such as IMC-CS4 in NCT01346358) block the binding of CSF-1 and IL-34 to CSF-1R and abrogate the recruitment and survival of TAMs, leading to TAM apoptosis and inhibition of tumor growth [77]. Here, CSF1 is linked to neoplasm.