TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: In IBD model mice, the gene expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NEDD8 activation enzyme (NAE1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2M, and ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 3 (UBA3) increased significantly, while the gene expression levels of IL-10 and interferon-induced protein 10 (IP-10) decreased significantly.