TNF and cervical cancer: Thus, numerous genetic polymorphisms in immune response genes, including IL-1 [48], IL-10 [49], IL-17 [50], toll-like receptor (TLRs) [51], interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) [52], tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [49,53,54,55] and a variety of genes [55,56,57] have been reported in association with cervical cancer susceptibility, however, inconsistent results are frequently found and most of these findings have not been replicated in larger cohorts.