IFNA1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: While the role of type I interferon in kidney, skin, and cardiovascular disease is established, the immunopathogenesis of lupus joint manifestations is likely more complex, as multiple studies have detected no significant correlation between type I interferon pathway activity (assessed using serum IFN-α activity or interferon gene module expression) and SLE joint involvement using independent patient cohorts [36,48].