There are data indicating a protective role for IFN-γ and TNF-α in colon cancer, for example, in a murine model of CAC, IFN-γ deficient mice (IFN-γ−/−) developed both larger number of tumors and higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines than wild-type mice [43,44]. Here, TNF is linked to malignant colon neoplasm.