During the IBD progression, FFD ameliorated symptom severity through inhibiting TNFɑ signaling in our study, and the H1R deficiency may affect the MAPK signaling pathway and partially abolish the therapeutic inhibition of FFD on TNFα signaling, which may further affect the production of IL-6 and IL-1β (Figure 6a–d). Here, IL1B is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.