The presence of CIS influenced multiple genes in the IGF axis, with significantly reduced expression of IGFBP-2, IGFBP-4, IGFBP-5, and IGF1R found when CIS was present compared to absent (p = 0.04, <0.01, <0.01, 0.01, respectively). This evidence concerns the gene IGFBP2 and in situ carcinoma.