Gonzalez-Roibon et al. (2014) suggested that the overexpression of IGF-1R was less frequent in those with T4 stage tumours compared with those with T1–3, which are more common amongst those of African American ethnic backgrounds and associated with a significantly increased hazard ratio for overall and cancer-specific mortality than those without the overexpression of IGF-1R [40]. Here, IGF1R is linked to neoplasm.