In this context, exposures to 1 Gy 56Fe (180 keV/μm) and boron (200 keV/μm) heavy ions led to ROS induction associated with apoptosis and genomic instability involving TGFβ/Smad signaling in human fibroblasts and prostate cancer cells (PC8) with higher levels of Smad foci detected in micronuclei (MN) and evidence for TGFβ/Smad signaling at 24 h post-irradiation [383]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to prostate carcinoma.