VEGFC and neoplasm: On the other hand, our findings indicate that VEGF-C expression was decreased or not changed in the brain and heart upon treatment with GNR; VEGF-C plays a central role in vascular endothelial proliferation and migration and promotes angiogenesis and endothelial cell growth [45], and previous studies found that downregulation of VEGF-C inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by multiple mechanisms [46].