The beneficial effect of neoantigen-based approaches is also well established in melanoma: a recent trial has evaluated the clinical outcome and circulating immune responses of eight patients with surgically resected stage IIIB/C or IVM1a/b melanoma, at a median of almost 4 years after treatment with NeoVax, a long-peptide vaccine targeting up to 20 personalized neoantigens per patient and formulated with the TLR-3 and MDA5 agonist poly-ICLC (NCT01970358) [22]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR3 and melanoma.