TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: Indeed, Lee and colleagues [106] found that physiological concentrations of vaccenic acid enhanced the IL-10 production and suppressed TNF-alpha in mice after LPS treatment [106]; in addition, vaccenic acid and palmitoleic acid were found to reduce TNF, VCAM-1, and SOD2 inflammatory gene expression in umbilical vein endothelial cells and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells [107].