ULK1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: As shown in Figure 9, compared with the CON mice, obesity induced an increase in spleen AOPPs levels (Figure 9A), elevation in spleen mTOR and p62 protein expression levels (Figure 9A), decline in spleen LC3BII/LC3BI and beclin1 protein expression levels, up-regulation in spleen mTORC1 gene expression levels (Figure 9B-F), and down-regulation in spleen LC3B, ATG4b, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, beclin1, ULK1, Lamp2α, and Gabarap gene expression levels in the DIO mice (p < 0.05, Figure 9G).