As elaborated on below, these methods: (1) identify non-synonymous somatic variants, such as single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertions and deletions (indels), through the alignment of whole-exome sequencing (WES) from tumor and germline DNA, (2) quantify the relative expression of somatic variants via RNAseq analysis of the tumor sample, (3) predict peptide:MHC binding computationally and/or discover peptides empirically through LC-MS/MS tumor immunopeptidomics, (4) interrogate the immunogenicity of putative neoantigens through CTL screening assays [17,18,19,20] (Figure 1). Here, HLA-C is linked to neoplasm.