MMP9 and colonic neoplasm: GA has also been shown to activate AMPK in SW480 colon cancer cells and to decrease expression of invasion-associated proteins, including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, urinary-type plasminogen activator (uPa), and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) in the SW480 cells.