EPO and myelodysplastic syndrome: EPO is also used in many anemias even when blood EPO levels are normal to increase stimulation of erythropoiesis including of anemias associated with malignancies, either due to neoplastic bone marrow infiltration or to chemotherapy-related myelosuppression, the anemia of myelodysplastic syndromes and AIDS, the anemia of chronic inflammatory diseases, prematurity, and bone marrow transplantation [51].