TNF and cancer: Obese subjects characteristically develop a chronic proinflammatory environment with increased infiltration of immune cytokines such as leptin, adiponectin, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), all of which are associated with cancer proliferation and progression [69].