TGFB1 and colorectal cancer: While TGF-β takes on tumor-suppressive roles during early carcinoma development, it has been found that in various late-stage models of cancer (including breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers), TGF-β signaling is associated with angiogenic, proliferative, and pro-metastatic phenotypes [15,29,30,31,32].