In prostate cancer, the interplay cancer cells, M2 macrophages, and CAFs enhance tumor cell motility promoting metastatic diffusion and these effects can be regulated by estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), which if highly expressed in CAFs, decreased the levels of IL-6 and CCL5 in both CAFs and macrophages co-cultured in conditioned medium [36]. Here, ESR1 is linked to cancer.